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I think that’s specific to mammals. Just off the top of my head…
Invertebrates? No. All out
Fish? No. Also a Hammerhead would’ve really sold this comic lol.
Birds? No. Though, even on the side they do often have a tilt toward frontal in a lot of predatory birds. It could be argued…
Reptiles? No.
Amphibians? No. There’s no even trying to place rules on that optical chaos.
Mammals? Yeah, pretty much. Can’t think of an outlier but I’m sure there’s plenty of obvious ones.
Edit’ Ah, there we go. Of course marine mammals are an exception. But back in land, as too are llamas. Makes you wonder…what are the llamas plotting?
Maybe it doesn’t apply ocean animals. Like they would want to see both above and below for their environment, but I’d also think for predators it would be slightly more front facing
A lot of non mammals other organs to help them perceive. Even aquatic mammals like whales have echolocation. That’s probably why the front facing rule doesn’t apply universally to all animals.
Birds? No. Though, even on the side they do often have a tilt toward frontal in a lot of predatory birds. It could be argued…
Birds of prey absolutely have their eyes positioned on the front of their heads. It’s most obvious in owls, since they have the largest eyes and wider faces, but all of them have front-facing eyes for binocular vision.
Invertebrates? No. All out
I invite you to meet the awesome jumping spider, whose eyes are very especially needed set up to be forward-facing for depth perception for their jumps, and who hunt other spiders, as well as the wolf spider, who are also a hunting (as opposed to web) spider.
In fact, you can use the chart of spider eye layouts to pretty much identify whether you’re looking at a spider who builds webs and waits or a spider who hunts:
Anyone with two big forward-facing eyes is probably looking around for their next meal; the rest are building a web, trapdoor, or taking some other approach.
Also crabs. I mean, their eyes are often on stalks and more mobile than mammalian eyes, and they’re compound, so they have a very wide field of view, but they’re still often basically in front, and they do apparently provide depth cues for hunting thanks to this.
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/38/31/6933
It also occurred to me to look up about dragonflies, and it seems they mostly hunt dorsally (which is a pretty viable option if you’re flying). BUT I found this article about Damselflies, which notes that they rely on binocular overlap and line up their prey in front of them. Which is pretty cool.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219316641
Horseshoe crabs have nine different types of eyes. Even that tail is essentially a kind of eye, covered with photoreceptors. Not sure of the relevance of this horseshoe crab fact, it’s just fucking interesting.
Exception: Sloth
Sloths are weird all the extinct sloths had side eyes. The ones today dont. I’m guessing depth perception for climbing. Because the list goes really big when arboreal prey animals are involved. Lemurs, sugar gliders monkeys great apes.
not sloths, Sloth.
They want your sweater back…
Convergent evolution has more to do with environment and trophic structure than it has to do with lineage. Any animal that can produce a complex eye can have similar evolutionary pressure given similar environments unless there’s some other stronger pressure.
Animals low to the ground or water often have slitted eyes (including goats who spend a of time with their heads down)
Besides humans, aren’t most apes prey animals?
including humans.
Most primates eat fruit or leaves, but have forward facing eyes because they need depth perception for climbing/jumping, not for hunting.
Squirrels have eyes on the sides of their heads and they’re pretty fucking good at climbing and jumping. Next theory …
If a squirrel falls they’re probably not going to squish as hard as a monkey. Lots of scavengers also have forward facing eyes (ex racoons) and pandas notably have forward facing eyes and are herbivorous.
I think the climbing and jumping theory is better than the predator theory on account that it explains why large aquatic animals aren’t selected for close frontal eyes.
Plus many predators (cats notably) do climb and jump. Humans and monkeys also have werd postures that might lead to them falling over easier.
In reality its probably never just one pressure that leads to these kind of evolutions.
Aye-Ayes and Tarsiers have very forward facing eyes, yet eat mostly gruvs in trees.
Turtles are kind of in between with their wedge-shaped heads. They need the awareness to hide from predators, but some of them are also predators themselves or they at least snap at fruits and veggies to eat them.
Here’s my tortoise doing his best disappointed-in-you baby yoda:
And here’s the yellow belly slider locking target on to some shrimp.
But it sounds like the rules aren’t as consistent in the water, judging from other comments. Even something like an alligator snapping turtle’s eyes are no further forward than these pics.
Last time I saw this kind of comment/meme someone pointed out that dragons are usually depicted with eyes on the sides of their head. What hunts them, I wonder
That’s like how in dnd lore the tarrasque, basically the biggest, scariest monster, is always depicted with big spikes on its back. Animals evolve spikes like that to ward off predators. That means something at least used to hunt tarrasques
Actually they develop in its juvenile state when they are vulnerable to more mundane predators but are then retained for sexual selection in adulthood.
There is only one tarrasque in existence, resulting in it taking its sexual frustration out on level 20 adventuring parties and parties that keep making fun of the lore- uh, history- of the world they grew up in.
Adventurers…
Are we the baddies?
It turns out it’s man.
It’s not the question if the eyes on the side or in the front, it’s about the capability to be able to focusing on a stereoscopic vision to be able to calculate the distances to the prey or not. Side eyes increase the field of vision, which can be advantageous for fleeing animals, but does not exclude that predators can also use it to strategically locate themselves better in the environment. But it is true that animals with frontal vision are generally predatory.
Well…
There are lots of reasons to have binocular frontal vision. Redundancy, differing info for optic flow, sensitivity, reducing the frontal blind spot, compensating for retinal blind spots, higher frontal resulution, seeing around things, depth perception…
Most of there are good for predators, but predation isn’t the only reason to have them.
Axe-u-a-lee…
Are apes considered predators? I kind of thought they were just neither.
By far the most dangerous predator on Earth is humans, we eat each other, anything that moves, kill for fun, build machines to do it for us, design what we eat to be easier to kill, and have you dealt with women? We’re a scary bunch.
Right, because we had better stamina than predators, and then developed intelligent brains. But are apes?
Met any chimps? And about that stamina thing…
https://afan.ottenheimer.com/articles/myth_of_persistent_hunting
yeah. We’re scum. We’re just violent++.
Have I…met any Chimps? Uh, no, I guess they go to different bars than I do.
And fine. Sorry, I’m not a scientist, as evidenced by my question–which still hasn’t come close to being answered.
Being a predator is not a property, its a relation. X is a predator of Y… but not of Z, and is a prey of V and not of W.
