Did some looking around and what I found is it could be a sign that the cable is starting to fail:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/1118738/whats-the-likely-cause-of-a-get-monitor-geometry-assertion
Do you have another cable you could try?
It could also be a bug in Gnome, since you said it only happens after something like a kernel update. I wonder if it would happen if you used a live usb of gnome, and if so, would it happen if you used a live usb of KDE or some other desktop manager.
Makes sense. Well, best of luck with it. That’s super annoying, sorry I couldn’t help. If you do figure it out and remember this, I would love to know what the answer was!